Developing COVID-19 Prevention Strategies

The Overview of Disease

Respiratory infection spread from person to person
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
14 days to become symptomatic
Activity of the virus for a period
Instant infection due to close contact

The Coronavirus Statistics

Outbreak of Covid-19 in Wuhan in 2019
16 million infected people within 188 countries
Over 643,800 reported deaths (John Hopkins University, 2020)
Afflicted individual infects two to eight others
Men accounting for 60.6 percent of deaths

Process of Infection

Direct contact with an ill person (Harvard Health Publishing, 2020)
Large-droplets from sneezes or coughs (Zhang et al., 2020)
Aerosol transmission in asymptomatic cases
Droplet transmission suspended in the air
Touching contaminated surfaces and noses, mouths, faces

Population Demographics 1

Vulnerability of the older adults
The low functionality of various body systems
Weakness of the immune system
Over 74.8 percent death rate
A risk factor in Covid-19

Population Demographics 2

Risk for people with underlying medical conditions
Relative compromised immunity of the body
At least one condition in 76.4 percent
Highly susceptible to infections and death
Seeking medical care quickly and practicing social distancing.

Other Groups in Risk Factor

Racial and ethnic minorities
People living in rural areas
Breastfeeding and pregnant mothers
Homeless and people with disabilities
People with a behavioral and developmental disorder

The General Ways to Prevent the Virus

Contact tracing to identify cases
Compliance with the rules of social distance (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2020)
Wearing masks in public places (Zhang et al., 2020)
Usage of hand sanitizers to avoid infection
Cleaning high-touch areas with bleach, ethanol solutions

Social Control Measures

The implementation of quarantines
Travel restrictions for people arriving from high-risk locations
Correlation between human mobility and COVID-19 incidence
The separation and observation of potentially infected individuals
Chinas experience of drastic interventions

Social Distancing

Maintaining a maximum distance from others
Avoidance of physical contact and mass gatherings
Focus on slowing the contagious disease spread
The minimum length of six feet apart
Transition to remote work and study

Protective Equipment

Nonsterile disposable patient examination gloves
Portable gloves in maintaining the hygienic standards
Liberal use of masks in healthcare settings (Asad et al., 2020)
Respirator against inhaling hazardous airborne particles
Low availability of protective devices problems.

Importance of Facemasks

Containment of droplets within the mask
Preventing transmission
Preventing from breathing in airborne microorganisms
Effectiveness of N95 type of masks
Reserving N95 masks for health workers

Current Initiatives by the US Government

Educating people to keep precautions
Advise to use hand sanitizers
Maintaining physical distance in public places
Requirement to wear facemasks whereby distancing is not possible
Encourage people to stay at home

Radical Initiatives by the US Government

Closing down several public places
Shut down of schools, malls, and places of worship
Imposing total lockdowns of cities
Prohibition for residents to visit crowded places
Permission to leave house to only those involved in the provision of essential services

The Work Against Covid-19

Federal government and private sector cooperation
Fund toward creating awareness and safety

Enforcing preventing regulations and buying protective equipment
Ensuring that the public is assured of its safety and health
Buying and ship essential supplies

The Work of Federal Government

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Director of National Intelligence and Food and Drug Administration
Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division
National Institute of Health and White House
Donating medical equipment of $130 billion (US Department of Health & Human Services, 2020)
Giving financial assistance over $150 billion (US Department of Health & Human Services, 2020)

The Work of Private Agencies

Philanthropic organizations and development banks
Multilateral and bilateral donors
Providing budgetary help to healthcare structures
Ensuring patients get the care

Producing evidence-based guidelines and advice

Chinese Experience

Treatment protocol for Covid-19 cases
Laboratory testing and biosafety processes
Strict containment measures in practice
Emergency control measures in the epidemic areas
Integration of resources from multiple systems

Challenges in Coping with Covid-19

New nature of the virus
High speed of virus transmission
Inaccessibility of cure against the virus
Widespread asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission
Limited herd resistance and lack of compliance (Asad et al., 2020)

Unanswered questions

The measurement of exact success rates
Data on the comparative effectiveness of prevention strategies
Information on the long-term outcomes of prevention measures
The current understanding of social control measures
The knowledge of behavioral interventions

Conclusion

Global pandemic of Covid-19
Address the problem of rapid transmission
Preventing further spread through new infections
Creating public health and safety measures
Importance of the information in the capstone project

Current Strategies or Policies

Rapid case detection, accelerated testing, detailed contact tracing (Wilder-Smith et al., 2020)
Hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and physical distancing
Ensuring the continuity of essential health and social care services
Protecting frontline workers and vulnerable populations
Healthy People 2020 objective about providing access to healthcare services
Usage of technologies having applications monitoring circumstance (Elavarasan & Pugazhendhi, 2020)

Non-practicality of Strategies

Disinfection of air in cities is not sufficient for fighting diseases
Large amounts of alcohol and disinfectants are potentially harmful to humans
No evidence of preventing the acquisition by masks (Xiao & Torok, 2020)

New Strategies

Global cooperation and public awareness rather that legislative changes
Creating vaccines against Covid-19
Affirming which populaces remain at the most noteworthy hazard
Premise for a globally equitable vaccine distribution system
A global network by G7 countries (Lurie et al., 2020)

Implications

Active involvement of politicians, nursing groups, and healthcare organizations
Nurses must receive clear, concise, and up-to-date information
Adequate access to appropriate PPE (Fernandez et al., 2020)
Supporting medical attendants in assembly competing family obligations
The positive physical and mental impact of working

References

Asad, H., Johnston, C., Blyth, I., Holborow, A., Bone, A., Porter, L., Tidswell, P., & Healy, B. (2020). Health care workers and patients as Trojan horses: a COVID19 ward outbreak. Infection Prevention in Practice.

Elavarasan, R. M., & Pugazhendhi, R. (2020). Restructured society and environment: A review on potential technological strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Science of The Total Environment.

Fernandez, R., Lord, H., Halcomb, E., Moxham, L., Middleton, R., Alananzeh, I., & Ellwood, L. (2020). Implications for COVID-19: a systematic review of nurses experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic. International Journal of Nursing Studies.

Güner, H. R., Hasanolu, I., & Akta_, F. (2020). COVID-19: Prevention and control measures in community. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50, 571-577. Web.

John Hopkins University. (2020). COVID-19 dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE). Web.

Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R., & Halton, J. (2020). Developing Covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(21), 1969-1973.

Xiao, Y., & Torok, M. E. (2020). Taking the right measures to control COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 523-524.

US Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) grant opportunities and guidance.

Wilder-Smith, A., Chiew, C. J., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20(5). 1-6.

Zhang, Y., Zhao, Q., & Hu, B. (2020). Community-based prevention and control of COVID-19: Experience from China. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(6), 716-717.

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