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A brief history of the cultural group
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First Hispanics in the 16th century
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Immigrants from Latin American countries (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014)
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World Wars and immigration patterns
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Political and economic factors of immigration
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The Immigration Law of 1965
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Immigration from Latin America after 2000
A brief history of the socio-cultural group
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First Cuban immigrants since the 1550s
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Economic factors of immigration since 1820
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Political factors of immigration since 1820
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Political factors of immigration after 1959 (Giger, 2014)
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Immigration in the 21st century
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Improvement of relations between the countries
Values of the cultural group
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Familismoas the major value (Giger, 2014)
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Respecto and the hierarchical culture
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Collectivism in achieving the set goals
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Machismo and Marianismo: Gender-related values (Dayer-Berenson, 2013)
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Major Christian values are central.
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Personalismo when communicating with others
Values of the socio-cultural group
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Collectivist approach to addressing challenges (Giger, 2014)
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Familismo is focusing on family ties.
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Hierarchical culture implies respect for authority.
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Machismo is the dominance of males.
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Communication and interaction: Being pleasant
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Mainly Roman Catholic values and beliefs
The worldview of the culture
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Fatalism as views of the future (Purnell, 2014)
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Authority is essential for any society.
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The Church as the spiritual authority
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Family bonds can never be broken.
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Being polite is central to communication(Rinderle, 2012)
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Being happy is the major priority.
Language and communication patterns of the cultural group
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Spanish and its versions are used(Giger, 2014)
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Politeness is essential for communication.
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Animated facial expressions and expressive gestures
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Touches are appropriate among close people.
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Exaggeration is an accepted norm.
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Focus on present (not future) issues
Language and communication patterns of the socio-cultural group (specific)
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Spanish is the first language (Purnell, 2014)
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Politeness and respect are essential.
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Focus on recent topics and problems
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Expressive body language even in public
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Exaggeration is an accepted norm.
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Close physical contact with close people
Art and other expressive forms of the cultural group
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Murals are popular among some groups.
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Famous authors publish highly-accepted books.
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Popular Latin music is valued highly.
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Soap operas TV series are popular.
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Famous actors and actresses in Hollywood
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Nationalist and politically resistive themes
Art and other expressive forms of the socio-cultural group
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Cubano painters and political contexts
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Nationalism in literature and journalism
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Latin music and dance are popular.
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Barrios fronts as an expressive art
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Cuban American actors/actresses in Hollywood
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Political and nationalist topics and themes
Norms and rules
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Respect for the older generation (Purnell, 2014)
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Norms associated with Catholic beliefs
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Respect for supervisors and higher ranks
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Relationships within families are patriarchal.
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Public opinion is important for individuals.
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Individuals are expected to fulfill obligations.
Lifestyle characteristics
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The indulgence level is quite high (Giger, 2014)
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Physical activity can be quite low.
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Eating habits are often unhealthy.
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Focus on accomplishments and success
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Spending free time with close ones
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Gender roles affect individuals lifestyles (Purnell, 2014)
Relationship patterns
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Family bonds are regarded as essential.
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Pre-marital sex is still stigmatized.
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Respect is vital in treating people.
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Children should be obedient and respectful.
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Older generations respect young people.
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Friendship is important for people.
Common rituals
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Baptizing children is a common ritual (Purnell, 2014)
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Childbirth is a family celebration.
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Prayers are common in life-threatening situations.
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Celebrating major Catholic holidays is common.
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Celebrating quinceaneras is a common practice.
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Celebrating days of saints is common.
Degree of assimilation from mainstream society
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Hispanicsdo does not stand out physically (Dayer-Berenson, 2013)
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Hispanics prefer speaking Spanish when possible.
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Linguistic differences result in marginalization.
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Christian values make Hispanics well-assimilated.
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Focus on education helps to assimilate
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Discrimination is still apparent (e.g., employment)
Degree of marginalization from mainstream society
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Linguistic differences are major causes.
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Hispanics often receive lower wages (Giger, 2014)
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Hispanic males are seen as criminals.
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Hispanics have fewer educational opportunities.
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Economic issues contribute to social marginalization.
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Hispanics are preferred, manual workers
Health behaviors and practices
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Santeros are consulted in all cases (Purnell, 2014)
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Biomedical healthcare professionals are also addressed.
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Folk remedies are used in all cases.
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Biomedical treatment is for serious cases.
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Herbs are widely used in the treatment
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The spiritual component is essential for healing.
Differential approaches needed by healthcare professionals for each group
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Spanish language competency is needed.
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Mexican and other dialects are different.
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Respectful communication is vital for all.
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Collaboration with folk healers is needed.
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Collaboration with the family is needed.
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Spiritual components should be considered.
References
Dayer-Berenson, L. (2013). Cultural competencies for nurses (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Giger, J. (2014). Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby.
Purnell, L. (2014). Guide to culturally competent health care (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
Rinderle, S. (2012). Patient care strategies for a growing Latino/Hispanic population. Web.
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2014). Public health nursing(8th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences.
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